Ing male gender, hostility toward men refers to overtly negative attitudes in response to sex energy inequalities, though benevolence toward men represents good or affectionate attitudes, based on recognising their dependence on girls depicted as “pure” creatures who will need male protection. Investigation on sexism toward females has largely shown that the consequences of benevolent sexism is usually much more pernicious than these exerted by explicitly hostile attitudes: Certainly, benevolent sexism is not clearly recognisable as a type of prejudice and hence it is actually additional tricky to combat than hostile sexism (Barreto Ellemers, 2005; Rollero Fedi, 2012; Woodzicka Ford, 2010). Particularly, many research demonstrate that benevolent sexism leads to: legitimating domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape (Fiske 10508619.2011.638589 Glick, 1995; Sakall, 2001), decreasing self-esteem and performances (Dumont, Sarlet, Dardenne, 2010; Rollero, 2015), maintaining of gender discrimination (Boasso, Covert, Ruscher, 2012; Glick et al., 2000; All round, Sibley, Tan, 2011; Rollero, 2013). Sexism toward guys has been less studied. Similarly to benevolence toward girls, benevolence toward guys appears not to be recognised as prejudiced (Rollero Fedi, 2012). Regarding the effects, Glick and Whitehead (2015) underlined that the endorsement of benevolence toward fpsyg.2016.01448 guys predicts legitimacy of gender hierarchy, whereas hostility toward males can be a significant predictor of perceived stability from the status quo.Europe’s Journal of Psychology 2016, Vol. 12(four), 533?49 doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i4.Effects of Sexism, Self-Esteem and Social Identity on Leadership AspirationFinally, couple of studies deemed the effect of sexism on affective states. Among them, Barreto and Ellemers (2005) and Rollero and Fedi (2012, 2014) located that each guys and women primed with ambivalent sexism seasoned a lot more anxiety and anger than those within the manage situation. While the judgemental course of action concerning the recognisability of sexism seems to become somewhat independent from affective states, the salience of gender stereotypes can substantially foster negative emotions (Barreto Ellemers, 2005).Self-Esteem, Social Identity and Gender Gap in LeadershipSexism and its effects need numerous levels of comprehension. Certainly, if some private traits (e.g. selfesteem) may be involved in the perception of and reactions to discriminatory attitudes, stereotypes are an intergroup phenomenon which also requires a collective frame (e.g. Social Identity Theory, Tajfel, 1978; Self-Categorization Theory, Turner, 1978). Recently, Simon and Hoyt (2013; Hoyt Simon, 2011) deeply explored the relation between gender stereotypes and leadership aspirations, underlining the effect of social comparison (with other female leaders or with women’s photos in the media) on LGK974 supplier self-perception, and, in turn, on aspirations toward leadership roles of ladies. Amongst indicators of self-perception, self-esteem, namely the person amount of self-worth or self-acceptance across situations (Rosenberg, 1965), seems to play a vital function in the partnership in between individuals and energy, either genuine or potential. A consistent quantity of empirical outcomes reports a positive association between self-esteem and leadership (e.g. Atwater, Dionne, Avolio, Camobreco, Lau, 1999; Li, Arvey, Song, 2011) and involving selfesteem and leadership aspirations (Boatwright Egidio, 2003). Shortly, Bass and Bass (2008) stated that leader’s self-esteem can bol.