Is data makes it possible for extrapolating the feasible activity and mechanism of action of new propolis below study and gives substantial clues for the improvement of new drug candidates [6, 9]. In the final decades, many research have demonstrated the biological and pharmacological actions of various worldwide propolis samples. The following sections summarize the Ition–details are at the start off of the journal, on the Editor recent published information regarding antibacterial and antifungal [6, 7, 56?9], antiviral [7, 59, 60], anti-inflammatory [61], antioxidant [62?4], immunomodulatory [6, 65, 66], and antitumor activities [8, 17, 23, 64, 66, 67], revealing the interest of researchers within this bee item and its potential for the development of new drugs as well. 4.1. Antioxidant Activity. It’s well-known that an endogenous stimuli, like cellular metabolism, and exogenous agents like UV, toxins, and drugs, among others, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), the superoxide anion (O2 – ), and hydroxyl ion (HO- ), as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS), particularly nitric oxide (NO). Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, among other biomolecules, when exposed to the reactive species, suffer oxidative modifications that modify the cell and bring about its death [68?0]. Oxidative stress is accountable for the occurrence of a wide range of human diseases, such as neurodegenerative [71] or jasp.12117 cardiovascular illnesses [72, 73], cancer [68, 74], diabetes [6], and atherosclerosis [75]. In the last years, numerous research have been performed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of natural solutions. Propolis extracts, composed of distinctive polyphenols, happen to be reported to possess a potent antioxidant activity [70, 76, 77]. Moreover, the chemical varieties in distinctive propolis samples from distinct regions have an influence around the antioxidant activity. Lately, Fabris et al. showed that a sample of Italian and Russian propolis ethanol extract (PEE), which possess a similar polyphenolic composition, have a similar antioxidant activity, whilst Brazilian PEE, which have low polyphenolic composition, have a weak antioxidant activity [78]. Yet another study also showed, making use of unique samples of Transylvania PEE, a good correlation amongst higher polyphenolic composition and higher antioxidant activity [79]. Phenolic acids and flavonoids are characterized by a highly effective antioxidant activity, which is closely related for the chemical structure with the compounds [80]. Briefly, the antioxidant activity is exerted by inhibiting the activity of some enzymes (e.g., xanthine oxidase, protein kinase C, ascorbic acid oxidase, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, Na+ /K+ ATPase, and cAMP phosphodiesterase) which inhibit the production of ROS species; by scavenging, interrupting the reactions that cause the lipid peroxidation; by chelating 164027512453468 metal ions, primarily iron and copper, that are involved within the course of action of cost-free radical creation; or by potentiating the action of other antioxidants [55]. Table two summarizes many of the studies addressing the antioxidant activity of propolis. Moreira et al. [62] and Miguel et al. [63] proposed that Portuguese propolis, a vital supply of total phenols, flavones, and flavonols, could possibly be helpful for human well being on account of its antioxidant properties. Portuguese propolis also protects human erythrocytes from totally free radicals damaging5 by decreasing lipid peroxidation [64]. These studies suggest that Portuguese propolis is usually a potent antioxidant agent tha.