Tion, as opposed to risk.27 The collective or group, and linked notions of norms, practices, and cultural meanings are absent, and HIV prevention tends to take a vertical or top-down form–from the professional to the person patient or client. A lot like the “banking” theory of pedagogy critiqued years ago by Freire,28,29 individualized approaches to behavior change position subjects as though they have been objects. These approaches seek to fill up individuals’ deficit bank accounts with know-how about HIV-related danger, but offer you tiny or absolutely nothing by way of essential tools that may stimulate collective agency and contribute to broader community-based responses for the epidemic.VULNERABILITYNearly 2 decades ago, HIV and AIDS study began to acknowledge and design applications to address the inadequacies of HIV prevention efforts that target risk behaviors undertaken by people positioned as rational, autonomous agents. Proficiently, the conventional object of HIV intervention, person Title Loaded From File threat behavior, was supplemented having a new object, vulnerability.31,32 By the finish from the 1990s, this approach had largely been adopted by UNAIDS along with the Globe Overall health Organization. The 2000 World AIDS Report, one example is, marked a watershed moment in highlighting this difficulty:Men and women don’t reside and make choices in a vacuum. Just after years of focusing on individual options about lifestyles, by the early 1990s AIDS prevention programmes had been giving renewed interest to the social and economic context of people’s daily lives. . . Recognition with the elements that fuel the HIV epidemic prompted the improvement of new programmes for decreasing vulnerability — within the civil, political, economic, social and cultural arenas — that would work in synergy with all the much more regular prevention approaches aimed at diminishing risk-taking behaviour.33(p37)Considering that 2000, the problem of vulnerability, understood as created by social and financial structures and forces, has increasingly shaped efforts to address HIV transmission in concert with efforts addressing risk-taking behaviors. In1368 | Framing Well being Matters | Peer Reviewed | Kippax et al.American Journal of Public Well being | August 2013, Vol 103, No.FRAMING Wellness MATTERSthe 2011 UNAIDS Terminology Suggestions, as an example, vulnerability is described as follows:Vulnerability refers to unequal opportunities, social exclusion, unemployment, or precarious employment and other social, cultural, political, and financial aspects that make someone more susceptible to HIV infection and to creating AIDS. The factors underlying vulnerability could reduce the ability of folks and communities to avoid HIV danger and might be outdoors the manage of individuals.34(p30) (emphasis added)This move acknowledges that inequalities (gender, economic, racial, legal, and social) play a central part not only inside the manner in which HIV is transmitted but also in the techniques in which populations can respond to HIV. In addition, it acknowledges the value of advocacy and addressing such inequalities through national government actions and nearby initiatives, including community-based organizing and advocacy. Nonetheless, you will discover a number of difficulties together with the conceptualization of vulnerability, not the least of which (in the 2011 UNAIDS definition) is the truth that it downplays human agency and positions structural aspects as outdoors the each day lives of males and females. In certain, vulnerability invokes a false dualism in between folks and the societ.