1). However, identification of single active components partly contradicts the holistic theory of TCM which postulates that active ingredients and herbs will not work in isolation, a paradigm that reemerges even in Western medicine. An example is the appreciation of, e.g., the combined effect of nutrition, the intestinal microbiome, and physical exercise on metabolic, liver, and cardiovascular health [12]. Nonetheless, a valid compromise is to test individual compounds in isolation and then recombine agents with proven efficacy. Controversies how to further develop TCM are ongoing in China. One group deplores the modernization of TCM as submission to Western rules, the other MG-132 cost group demands its continuing overhaul. There is also a concern of deteriorating drug quality, including contaminants accumulating in cultured herbs. Moreover, many young practitioners feel that adherence to TCM will compromise their career, and patients, especially in the cities, are increasingly skeptical about the efficacy of TCM. Still there is an overwhelming consensus that implementation of methodological improvements and rigorous scientific testing along the principles of evidence-based medicine will help to exploit the vast potential of TCM. DS received funding from the NIH, European Union, the State of Rhino-Palatinate, the German Research Foundation, and the German Ministry of Education and Research. The authors who have taken part in this study declared that they do not have anything to disclose regarding funding or conflict of interest with respect to this manuscript. “”We read with interest the report by Weiler-Normann et al. [1] evaluating the safety and efficacy of infliximab as a rescue therapy in difficult-to-treat autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). TNF-targeted therapies are widely used for treating a rapidly growing number of autoimmune diseases. However despite their effectiveness in many of these diseases, there have been increasing reports of autoimmune processes developing de novo after their use, including AIH. This is highlighted by our experience with two cases of severe anti-TNF therapy-induced AIH. The first patient, a 60-year-old woman with a 20-year history of rheumatoid arthritis, treated with prednisone 5 mg/day, with remote exposure to methotrexate (MTX). She presented with elevated liver enzymes four months after treatment with adalimumab, which had been normal prior to anti-TNF therapy. Her liver enzymes were grossly abnormal with ALT 923 IU/L (normal <40 IU/L), AST 1146 IU/L (normal <32 IU/L), bilirubin 76 μmol/L (normal <20 μmol/L), INR 1.1 (normal 0.9–1.1), and albumin 36 g/L (normal 33–48 g/L). Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) was positive, documented prior to initiation of anti-TNF therapy, anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA) negative, and IgG level normal at 15.52 g/L (normal 6.80–18.00 g/L).