, especially these in philosophy, political science, and sociology, have presented broader definitions of cosmopolitanism, focusing on commitment to universalistic values and mutual respect among distinct groups (Appiah, 2006), higher levels of freedom (Mosterin, 2005), and egalitarianism (Gilroy, 2005). Our existing work draws on each of these approaches, defining cosmopolitanism broadly fpsyg.2015.00334 with regards to both GGTI298 web diversity and commitment to universalistic values. Whereas diversity fosters such values, the values themselves may perhaps facilitate diversity. In combination with their greater economic sources, the egalitarian, free-spirited ethos of cosmopolitan cities might offer abundant possibilities for wealth and success for those with talents, new ideas, and a willingness to take possibilities (Kitayama et al., 2014). These possibilities are frequently related with all the high-tech info market, research and improvement, arts, fashion, media, and also the music businesses. At the similar time, precisely simply because these opportunities are reasonably independent of people’s socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and not linked to stable communities and standard social networks, the danger of taking on such possibilities is often substantial. Cosmopolitan cities often harbor high-risk/high-return enterprises that are open to these prepared to take dangers. In short, for the reason that cosmopolitan cities supply possibilities for wealth, achievement, freedom, egalitarianism, and diversity, and since persons oriented toward independence in lieu of interdependence worth individual achievement, autonomy, universalism, and uniqueness, independently (vs. interdependently) oriented individuals ought to favor cosmopolitan cities as residential destinations.Independent Orientation and Frontier SettlementA key element of independent social orientation is a view with the self as defined by a set of internal attributes like motives, competences, and character traits (Markus and Kitayama, 1991; Kitayama et al., 2007). These internal attributes, in turn, are seen as guiding one’s actions. Independent social orientation is usually juxtaposed against interdependent orientation. By interdependence we mean a view from the self as socially embedded. The interdependent self is defined by a set of relational attributes for example social roles, duties, and obligations. These relational attributes, in turn, are seen as guiding one’s action. When compared with persons with an interdependent orientation, these with anindependent orientation are a lot more inclined to pursue personal targets, strive for freedom and autonomy, and seek uniqueness and diversity (Markus and Kitayama, 1991; Kim and Markus, 1999; Kim and Drolet, 2003; Kitayama et al., 2007). The idea that independent persons are attracted to places that represent opportunities for accomplishment, autonomy, and selfrealization is consistent having a cumulative body of research on frontier settlement. Historically, the proposition that settlement in 1471-2474-14-48 a frontier is linked with an independent, egalitarian mentality is referred to as the Turner thesis (Turner, 1920). In current years, the voluntary settlement hypothesis (Kitayama et al., 2006) has further elaborated the link involving frontier settlement and independent mentality by suggesting that simply because frontier regions represented opportunities for wealth and freedom, they attracted large numbers of very independent voluntary settlers. Furthermore, these independent settlers were a essential element in shaping the modern American cultural e.